The design of removable appliances; labiolingual and buccolingual movement; mesiodistal movement of teeth; rotation and root movement of teeth; expansion/contraction; intermaxillary and extra-oral traction; functional appliances; patient and appliance management. Appendices: instruments for removable appliance construction and adjustment; the Adams clasp; welding and soldering for orthodontic appliance construction; the orthodontic study cast; materials for removable appliance construction; an orthodontic coil spring winder.