This report is limited to clinical studies on humans and to the treatment of children and adolescents. Treatment that includes orthognathic surgery (surgical treatment of severe malocclusions) has been excluded. All types of studies, quantitative as well as qualitatatve, that concern assessment of the risks of no treatment and different aspects of treatment decisions were included.Scientific evidence for conclusions concerning the validity (that is, if a tool measures what it is intended to measure) of morphological priority indices (indices based on deviations in the bite and the dental arch from an established norm) are lacking.
The subject field of orthodontics comprises the development and growth of the face, the jaws, and the bite. Diagnostics, preventive treatment, and treatment of congenital or acquired malocclusions are included. The term “orthodontics” comes from the Greek word “orto”, which means straight, and “odous”, which means tooth. The straightening of irregular teeth, or orthodontic treatment, require the use of fixed or removable orthodontic appliances to affect the jaws and their growth and to move teeth that are incorrectly positioned so that the dental arch better agrees with the “ideal” or “normal” occlusion.
Development of the Bite
The development and growth of the teeth and the jaws are essentially governed by genetic factors. During occlusal development, external factors can also have significance; for example, prolonged sucking on the fingers or use of a pacifier can cause a displacement of the teeth. The occlusion develops under a long period, from the time the first deciduous teeth emerge at 6–8 months of age to when all 28 permanent teeth have erupted at 12–14 years of age. At the same time, the jaws grow to create space, and the face increases in length. After the face ceases to grow, occlusal relationships continue to undergo minor alterations.
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